Aplicaciones

NIPPV. Ventilación nasal con presión positiva intermitente

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Ventilación nasal con presión positiva intermitente

NIPPV es un término genérico que abarca diversos métodos de ventilación en los que, además de utilizarse la CPAP/PEEP, se aplican respiraciones controladas para proporcionar soporte al paciente. El nivel de presión de estas respiraciones es mayor y no se emiten de manera sincronizada. Se han establecido ciertas diferencias entre las distintas variantes de este método de soporte respiratorio (Owen LS, Manley BJ. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in preterm infants: Equipment, evidence, and synchronization. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;21(3):146-153. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2016.01.0031, Roberts CT, Davis PG, Owen LS. Neonatal non-invasive respiratory support: synchronised NIPPV, non-synchronised NIPPV or bi-level CPAP: what is the evidence in 2013? Neonatology. 2013;104(3):203-209. doi:10.1159/0003534482, Davis PG, Morley CJ, Owen LS. Non-invasive respiratory support of preterm neonates with respiratory distress: continuous positive airway pressure and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;14(1):14-20. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2008.08.0033).

Dentro de este grupo, la NIPPV (Owen LS, Manley BJ. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in preterm infants: Equipment, evidence, and synchronization. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;21(3):146-153. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2016.01.0031, Roberts CT, Davis PG, Owen LS. Neonatal non-invasive respiratory support: synchronised NIPPV, non-synchronised NIPPV or bi-level CPAP: what is the evidence in 2013? Neonatology. 2013;104(3):203-209. Doi:10.1159/0003534482) se caracteriza por tiempos de inspiración breves (0,3 a 0,5 s) y frecuencias respiratorias de 10 a 60 l/min. Lo idóneo es que el paciente se adapte a la frecuencia de la terapia NIPPV. En el modo NIPPV, el tiempo es un parámetro primordial, lo que implica que la frecuencia respiratoria depende fundamentalmente del tiempo inspiratorio definido. 

  • Soporte respiratorio controlado para neonatos

  • Soporte eficaz tras la extubación y durante la apnea (1,2)

  • Fácil de usar y ajustar

  • Disponible en los dispositivos medinCNO, medinCNOmini y medin-NC3

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El modo BiLevel (Owen LS, Manley BJ. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in preterm infants: Equipment, evidence, and synchronization. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;21(3):146-153. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2016.01.0031, Roberts CT, Davis PG, Owen LS. Neonatal non-invasive respiratory support: synchronised NIPPV, non-synchronised NIPPV or bi-level CPAP: what is the evidence in 2013? Neonatology. 2013;104(3):203-209. doi:10.1159/0003534482) se diferencia del modo NIPPV por un tiempo inspiratorio superior (0,5 a 1 s) y frecuencias de respiración consecuentemente más bajas (de 10 a 30 l/min). El objetivo es conseguir que el paciente respire en los dos niveles de presión. El tiempo más prolongado con una presión más alta permite aumentar la presión media en las vías aéreas. 

1 Respiración mecánica
2 Respiración espontánea en el segundo nivel de presión más alta

¿Cuándo se utiliza la NIPPV?

Los efectos y la eficacia de la NIPPV han sido objeto de investigación en numerosos estudios (Owen LS, Manley BJ. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in preterm infants: Equipment, evidence, and synchronization. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;21(3):146-153. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2016.01.0031, Roberts CT, Davis PG, Owen LS. Neonatal non-invasive respiratory support: synchronised NIPPV, non-synchronised NIPPV or bi-level CPAP: what is the evidence in 2013? Neonatology. 2013;104(3):203-209. doi:10.1159/0003534482, Davis PG, Morley CJ, Owen LS. Non-invasive respiratory support of preterm neonates with respiratory distress: continuous positive airway pressure and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;14(1):14-20. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2008.08.0033).  Esté modo de ventilación está indicado para: 

  • Síndrome apneico-bradicárdico
  • Después de la extubación
  • Tratamiento inicial del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (SDR)

El sistema medin

Los dispositivos CPAP especializados de medin, combinados con el generador de nCPAP Medijet son idóneos para su uso con los modos de ventilación NIPPV y BiLevel. Con el flujo básico, el paciente puede recibir la CPAP/PEEP deseada. Con la ayuda de un segundo nivel de flujo, que se suma al flujo básico y se define a través de un medidor de flujo electrónico adicional, Medijet genera un nivel de presión más alta.

Dado que Medijet permite realizar la expiración en cualquier momento, el paciente puede respirar libremente con cualquiera de estos niveles de presión. Gracias a esto, los dispositivos CPAP de medin ofrecen todas las opciones de soporte respiratorio con NIPPV.

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  • Flujo básico: en l/min; genera la CPAP/PEEP en el generador de nCPAP Medijet
  • Flujo de empuje: en l/min; genera un segundo nivel de presión, la presión inspiratoria máxima (PIP), en el generador de nCPAP Medijet, que se suma al flujo básico
  • Amplitud: en incrementos de 1 a 10; define el nivel de amplitud de la presión en función del grado de cierre de la válvula reguladora de alta frecuencia; nivel 10 = amplitud más alta; nivel 1 = amplitud más baja
  • Frecuencia: en l/min; número de respiraciones por minuto en función del tiempo inspiratorio
  • Suministro de oxígeno

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in preterm infants: Equipment, evidence, and synchronization.

Owen LS, Manley BJ. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in preterm infants: Equipment, evidence, and synchronization. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;21(3):146-153. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2016.01.003

The use of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) as respiratory support for preterm infants is well established. Evidence from randomized trials indicates that NIPPV is advantageous over continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as post-extubation support, albeit with varied outcomes between NIPPV techniques. Randomized data comparing NIPPV with CPAP as primary support, and for the treatment of apnea, are conflicting. Intrepretation of outcomes is limited by the multiple techniques and devices used to generate and deliver NIPPV. This review discusses the potential mechanisms of action of NIPPV in preterm infants, the evidence from clinical trials, and summarizes recommendations for practice.

Neonatal non-invasive respiratory support: synchronised NIPPV, non-synchronised NIPPV or bi-level CPAP: what is the evidence in 2013?

Roberts CT, Davis PG, Owen LS. Neonatal non-invasive respiratory support: synchronised NIPPV, non-synchronised NIPPV or bi-level CPAP: what is the evidence in 2013?. Neonatology. 2013;104(3):203-209. doi:10.1159/000353448

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) has proven to be an effective mode of non-invasive respiratory support in preterm infants; however, many infants still require endotracheal ventilation, placing them at an increased risk of morbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Several other modes of non-invasive respiratory support beyond NCPAP, including synchronised and non-synchronised nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (SNIPPV and nsNIPPV) and bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) are now also available. These techniques require different approaches, and the exact mechanisms by which they act remain unclear. SNIPPV has been shown to reduce the rate of reintubation in comparison to NCPAP when used as post-extubation support, but the evidence for nsNIPPV and BiPAP in this context is less convincing. There is some evidence that NIPPV (whether synchronised or non-synchronised) used as primary respiratory support is beneficial, but the variation in study methodology makes this hard to translate confidently into clinical practice. There is currently no evidence to suggest a reduction in mortality or important morbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, with NIPPV or BiPAP in comparison to NCPAP, and there is a lack of appropriately designed studies in this area. This review discusses the different approaches and proposed mechanisms of action of SNIPPV, nsNIPPV and BiPAP, the challenges of applying the available evidence for these distinct modalities of non-invasive respiratory support to clinical practice, and possible areas of future research.

Non-invasive respiratory support of preterm neonates with respiratory distress: continuous positive airway pressure and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation.

Davis PG, Morley CJ, Owen LS. Non-invasive respiratory support of preterm neonates with respiratory distress: continuous positive airway pressure and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;14(1):14-20. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2008.08.003

Non-invasive techniques of respiratory support were developed in order to reduce the adverse effects associated with ventilation via an endotracheal tube. Short bi-nasal prongs provide the most effective nasal interface for delivery of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). Devices used to generate CPAP include conventional ventilators, the 'bubbly bottle' system and the infant flow driver. NCPAP improves the rate of successful extubation. It is useful for preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome, reducing time spent on an endotracheal tube and oxygen requirement at 28d. However, nCPAP is associated with an increased rate of pneumothorax. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is useful for augmenting the effectiveness of nCPAP. It further improves rates of successful extubation and shows promise as an initial method of respiratory support. Further research is required to determine the optimal settings for both nCPAP and NIPPV.